Fisheries

Fishing activities can lead to changes in the structure of marine habitats and influence the diversity, composition, biomass, and productivity of marine ecosystems. Conservation Science Institute focusing on many of these fisheries related issues including marine protected areas, coral, and top predators. Some of the issues associated with fisheries effects on species and marine ecosystems are discussed below:

Abrams, P.A. (1996). Evolution and the consequences of species introductions and deletions. Ecology 77, 1321-1328.

Adams, P.B. (1980). Life history patterns in marine fishes and their consequences for management. Fishery Bulletin 78, 1-12.

Aebischer, N.J. and Wanless, S. (1992). Relationships between colony size, adult non breeding and environmental conditions for shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis on the Isle of May, Scotland. Bird Study 39, 43-52.

Ainley, D.G., Sydeman, W.J. and Norton, J. (1995). Upper trophic level predators indicate interannual negative and positive anomalies in the California current food web. Marine Ecology Progress Series 118, 69-79.

Akenhead, S.A., Carscadden, J.E., Lear, H., Lilly, G.R. and Wells, R. (1982). Cod-capelin interactions off northeast Newfoundland and Labrador. Canadian Special Publications in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 59, 141-148.

Alcala, A.C. (1988). Effects of marine reserves on coral fish abundances and yields of Philippine coral reefs. Ambio 17, 194-199.

Alcala, A.C. and Gomez, E.D. (1987). Dynamiting coral reefs: a resource destructive fishing method. In "Human impacts on coral reefs: facts and recommendations" (B. Salvat, ed) , pp. 51-60. Antenne Museum, French Polynesia.

Alcala, A.C. and Russ, G.R. (1988). A direct test of the effects of protective management on the abundance and yield of tropical marine resources. Journal du Conseil, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 46, 40-47.

Alverson, D.L., Freeberg, M.H., Pope, J.G. and Murawski, S.A. (1994). A global assessment of fisheries bycatch and discards. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 339, 233.

Andersen, K.P. and Ursin, E. (1977). A multispecies extension to the Beverton and Holt theory of fishing with acounts of phosphorus circulation and primary production. Meddelelser fra Danmarks Fiskeri- og Havundersogelser. New Series. 7, 319-435.

Andersen, K.P. and Ursin, E. (1978). A multispecies analysis of the effects of variations of effort upon stock composition of eleven North Sea fish stocks. Rapports et Procés-Verbaux des Réunions, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 172, 286-291.

Anderson, D.W., Gress, F. and Mais, K.F. (1982). Brown pelicans: influence of food on reproduction. Oikos 39, 23-31.

Andrew, N.L. and Pepperell, J.D. (1992). The by-catch of shrimp trawl fisheries. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 30, 527-565.

Anker-Nilssen, T., Barrett, R.T. and Krasnov, J.V. (1997). Long- and short-term responses of seabirds in the Norwegian and Barents Seas to changes in stocks of prey fish. ffs.

Anon (1885). Report of the commissioners appointed to inquire and report upon the complaints that have been made by line and drift net fishermen of injuries sustained by them in their calling owing to the use of the trawl net and beam trawl in the territorial waters of the United Kingdom. Eyre and Spottiswoode, London.

Anon (1993b). Marine fisheries and the law of the sea: a decade of change. FAO Fisheries Circular 853.

Anon (1993c). Biogeographical identification of channel fish and shellfish stocks. Report to Commission of the European Communities by MAFF Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft.

Anon (1994). Report of the multispecies assessments working group. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Committee Meeting 1994/ Assess: 9, 177pp.

Anon (1995a). Report of the herring assessment working group for the area south of 62° N. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Committee Meeting Assess 13, 303pp.

Anon (1995b). Report of the study group on ecosystem effects of fishing activities. ICES Co-operative Research Report 200, 120pp.

Anon (1995c). Report of the working group for the assessment of demersal stocks in the North Sea and Skagerrak. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Committee Meeting Assess 8: (Part 1), 460pp.

Anon (1995d). Report of the working group on the assessment of Norway Pout and sandeel. International Council for the Exploration of the Seas, Committee Meeting Assess 5, 145pp.

Anon (1995e). Report on the working group on the assessment of mackerel, horse mackerel, sardine and anchovy. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Committee Meeting Assess 2, 329pp.

Anon (1995f). Understanding marine biodiversity: a research agenda for the nation. National Academy Press, Washington.

Anon (1996b). Report of the working group on the ecosystem effects of fishing activities. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, Committee Meeting G:1, 131.

Anon (1996c). Seabird/ fish interactions, with particular reference to seabirds in the North Sea. ICES Co-operative Research Report 216, 87pp.

Appeldoorn, R.S. (1996). Model and method in reef fishery assessment. In "Reef Fisheries" (N.V.C. Polunin and C.M. Roberts, eds) , pp. 219-248. Chapman and Hall, London.

Arntz, W.E. and Weber, W. (1970). Cyprina islandica (Mollusca: Bivalvia) als Nahrung von Dorsch und Kliesche in der Kieler Bucht. Berichte der Deutschen Wissenschaftlichen Kommission für Meeresforschung 21, 193-209.

Atkinson, R.J.A. and Nash, R.D.M. (1990). Some preliminary observations on the burrows of Callianassa subterranea (Montagu) Decapoda: Thalassinidea) from the west coast of Scotland. Journal of Natural History 24, 403-413.

Auster, P. J. and Malatesta, R. J. (1995). Assessing the role of non-extractive reserves for enhancing harvested populations in temperate and boreal marine systems. In "Marine protected areas and sustainable fisheries", (N. Shackell and J.H.N. Willison, eds.) , pp. 82-89. Science and management of protected areas association, Wolfville.

Auster, P. J. and Shackell, N. L. (1997). Fishery reserves: a tool for managing groundfish resources. In "Northwest Atlantic groundfish: perspectives on a fishery collapse", (J.G. Boreman, H.W. Nakashima, J.A. Powles, J.A. Wilson and R.L. Kendall, eds.) , pp. in press. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda.

Auster, P.J., Malatesta, R.J., Langton, R.W., Watling, L., Valentine, P.C., Donaldson, C.L., Langton, E.W., Shepard, A.N. and Babb, I.G. (1996). The impacts of mobile fishing gear on seafloor habitats in the Gulf of Maine (Northwest Atlantic): implications for conservation of fish populations. Reviews in Fisheries Science 4, 185-202.

Bailey, R.S. (1991). The interaction between sandeels and sebirds- a case study in Shetland. International Council for the Exploration of the Seas, Committee Meeting 1991/ L:41.

Bailey, R.S., Furness, R.W., Gauld, J.A. and Kunzlik, P.A. (1991). Recent changes in the population of the sandeel (Ammodytes marinus Raitt) at Shetland in relation to estimates of seabird predation. ICES Marine Science Symposia 193, 209-216.

Bak, R.P.M. (1990). Patterns of echinoid bioerosion in two Pacific coral reef lagoons. Marine Ecology Progress Series 66, 267-272.

Bak, R.P.M. (1994). Sea urchin bioerosion on coral reefs: place in the carbonate budget and relevant variables. Coral Reefs 13, 99-103.

Bak, R.P.M., Carpay, M.J.E. and de Ruyter van Steveninck, E.D. (1984). Densities of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum (Philippi) before and after mass mortalities on the coral reefs of Curacao. Marine Ecology Progress Series 17, 105-108.

Bak, R.P.M. and Engel, M.S. (1979). Distribution, abundance and survival of juvenile hermatypic corals (scleractinia) and the importance of life history strategies in the parent coral community. Marine Biology 54, 341-352.

Bannerot, S.P., Fox, W.W. and Powers, J.E. (1987). Reproductive strategies and the management of tropical snappers and groupers. In "Tropical snappers and groupers: biology and fisheries management" (J.J. Polovina and S. Ralston, eds) , pp. 561-603. Westview Press, Boulder.

Bannister, R.C.A. (1978). Changes in plaice stocks and plaice fisheries in the North Sea. Rapports et Procés-Verbaux des Réunions, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 172, 86-101.

Barel, C.D.N., Ligtvoet, W., Goldschmidt, T., Witte, F. and Goudswaard, P.C. (1991). The haplochromine cichlids of Lake Victoria: an assessment of biological and fisheries interests. In "Cichlid Fishes: behaviour, ecology and distribution" (M.H.A. Keenleyside, ed) , pp. 258-279. Chapman & Hall, London.

Barrett, R.T., Anker-Nilssen, T., Rikardsen, F., Valde, K., Rov, N. and Vader, W. (1987). The food, growth and fledging success of Norwegian puffin chicks Fratercula arctica in 1980-1983. Ornis Scandanavia 18, 73-83.

Baumgartner, T.R., Soutar, A., Ferreira-Bartrina, V. (1992). Reconstruction of the Pacific sardine and northern anchovy population over the past two millenia from sediments of the Santa Barbara basin, California. California Co-operative Fishery Investigations Report 33, 24-40.

Bax, N.J. (1991). A comparison of the biomass flow to fish, fisheries and mammals in six marine ecosystems. ICES Marine Science Symposia 193, 217-224.

Bech, G. (1995). Retrieval of lost gillnets at Ilulissat Kangia. NAFO Science Council Research Document 95/67, 1-5.

Beddington, J.R., Beverton, R.J.H. and Lavigne, D.M. (eds) (1985). Marine mammals and fisheries. George Allen and Unwin, London.

Beddington, J.R. and de la Mare, W.K. (1985). Marine mammal fishery interactions: modelling and the Southern Ocean. In "Marine mammals and fisheries" (J.R. Beddington, R.J.H. Beverton and D.M. Lavigne, eds) , pp. 94-105. George Allen and Unwin, London.

Beek, F.A.v., Leeuwen, P.I.v. and Rijnsdorp, A.D. (1990). On the survival of placie and sole discards in the otter-trawl and beam-trawl fisheries in the North Sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 26, 151-160.

Bellwood, D.R. (1995). Direct estimate of bioerosion by two parrotfish species, Chlorurus gibbus and C. sordidus, on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Biology 121, 419-429.

Bengston, J.L. and Laws, R.M. (1985). Trends in crabeater seal age at maturity: an insight into antarctic marine interactions. In "Antarctic nutrient cycles and food webs" (W.R. Siegfried, P.R. Condy and R.M. Laws, eds) , pp. 670-675. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Berghahn, R. (1990). On the potential impact of shrimping on trophic relationships in the Wadden Sea. In "Trophic relationships in the marine system" (M. Barnes and R.N. Gibson, eds) , pp. 130-140. Aberdeen University Press, Aberdeen.

Bergman, M.J.N. and Hup, M. (1992). Direct effects of beamtrawling on macrofauna in a sandy sediment in the southern North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 49, 5-11.

Bergman, M.J.N. and Santbrink, J.W.v. (1994). Direct effects of beam trawling on macrofauna in sandy areas off the Dutch coast. In "Environmental impact of bottom gears on benthic fauna in relation to natural resources management and protection of the North Sea" (S.J. de Groot and H.J. Lindeboom, eds) , pp. 209-236. Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, Texel.

Beukema, J.J. (1995). Long-term effects of mechanical harvesting of lugworms Arenicola marina on the zoobenthic community of a tidal flat in the Wadden Sea. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 33, 219-227.

Beverton, R.J.H. (1963). Maturation, growth and mortality of Clupeid and Engraulid stocks in relation to fishing. Rapports et Procés-Verbaux des Réunions, Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 154, 44-67.

Beverton, R.J.H. (1985). Analysis of marine mammal-fisheries interactions. In "Marine mammals and fisheries" (J.R. Beddington, R.J.H. Beverton and D.M. Lavigne, eds) , pp. 3-33. George Allen and Unwin, London.

Beverton, R.J.H. (1990). Small marine pelagic fish and the threat of fishing: are they endangered? Journal of Fish Biology 37 (Supplement 1), 5-16.

Beverton, R.J.H. (1992). Fish resources, threats and protection. Netherlands Journal of Zoology 42, 139-175.

Beverton, R.J.H. and Holt, S.J. (1957). On the dynamics of exploited fish populations. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, London.

Birkeland, C. (1989). The influence of echinoderms on coral-reef communities. In "Echinoderm Studies" (L.M. Jangoux and J.M. Lawrence, eds) , pp. 1-79. Balkema, Rotterdam.

Bishop, T.L. (1997). The recovery of the Pacific sardine and the effects on the southern California Bight ecosystem. ffs.

Blaber, S.J.M., Milton, D.A. and Rawlinson, N.J.F. (1988). Diets of lagoon fishes of the Solomon Islands: predators of tuna baitfish and trophic effects of baitfishing on the subsistence fishery. Fisheries Research 5, 263-286.

Blaber, S.J.M., Milton, D.A., Smith, G.C. and Farmer, M.J. (1995). Trawl discards in the diets of tropical seabirds of the northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Ecology Progress Series 127, 1-13.

Blaber, S.J.M. and Wassenberg, T.J. (1989). Feeding ecology of the piscivorous birds Phalocrocorax varius, P. melanoleucos and Sterna bergii in Moreton Bay, Australia: diets and dependence on trawler discards. Marine Biology 101, 1-10.

Blindheim, J. and Skjoldal, H.R. (1993). Effects of climatic changes on the biomass yield of the Barents Sea, Norwegian Sea and West Greenland large marine ecosystems. In "Large marine ecosystems: stress, mitigation and sustainability" (K. Sherman, L.M. Alexander and B.D. Gold, eds) , pp. 185-189. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington.

Blythe, S.P. and Stokes, T.K. (1993). Size selective harvesting and age at maturity 1. Some theoretical implications for management of evolving resources. In "The exploitation of evolving resources" (T.K. Stokes, J.M. McGlade and R. Law, eds) , pp. 222-231. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Bohnsack, J.A. (1982). Effects of piscivorous predator removal on coral reef fish community structure. In "Gutshop '81: Fish Food Habits and Studies" (G.M. Caillet and C.A. Simenstad, eds) , pp. 258-267. University of Washington, Seattle.

Bohnsack, J.A. (1990). The potential of marine fishery reserves for reef fish management in the U.S. southern Atlantic. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SEFC 261, 1-40.

Bohnsack, J.A. (1996). Maintenance and recovery of reef fishery productivity. In "Reef Fisheries" (N.V.C. Polunin and C.M. Roberts, eds) , pp. 283-313. Chapman and Hall, London.

Borisov, V.M. (1978). The selective effect of fishing on the population structure of species with a long life cycle. Journal of Ichthyology 18, 896-904.

Bouchon-Navaro, Y., Bouchon, C. and Harmelin-Vivien, M. (1985). Impact of coral degradation on a Chaetodontid fish assemblage (Moorea, French Polynesia). Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Symposium 5, 427-432.

Boudreau, P.R. and Dickie, L.M. (1992). Biomass spectra of aquatic ecosystems in relation to fisheries yield. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 49, 1528-1538.

Boudreau, P.R., Dickie, L.M. and Kerr, S.R. (1991). Body-size spectra of production and biomass as system-level indicators of ecological dynamics. Journal of Theoretical Biology 152, 329-339.

Bowman, R.E. and Michaels, W.L. (1984). Food of seventeen species of northwest Atlantic fish. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-F/NEC 28,

Bradstock, M. and Gordon, D.P. (1983). Coral-like bryozoan growths in Tasman Bay, and their protection to conserve local fish stocks. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 17, 159-163.

Brand, A.R., Allison, E.H. and Murphy, E.J. (1991). North Irish Sea scallop fisheries: a review of changes. In "An International Compendium of Scallop Biology and Culture" (S.E. Shumway and P.A. Sandifer, eds) , pp. 204-218. World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge.

Brander, K. (1981). Disappearance of common skate, Raia batis, from the Irish Sea. Nature 290, 48-49.

Breen, P.A. (1987). Mortality of Dungeness crabs caught by lost traps in the Fraser River Estuary, British Columbia. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 7, 429-435.

Briggs, R.P. (1992). An assessment of nets with a square mesh panel as a whiting conservation tool in the Irish Sea Nephrops fishery. Fisheries Research 13, 133-152.

Britton, J.C. and Morton, B. (1994). Marine carrion and scavengers. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review 32, 369-434.

Brock, R.E., Lewis, C. and Wass, R.C. (1979). Stability and structure of a fish community on a coral patch reef in Hawaii. Marine Biology 54, 281-292.

Brothers, G. (1992). Lost or abandonned fishing gear in the Newfoundland aquatic environment. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, St. Johns, Newfoundland, Canada.

Brown, J.S. and Parman, A.O. (1993). Consequences of size-selective harvesting as an evolutionary game. In "The exploitation of evolving resources" (T.K. Stokes, J.M. McGlade and R. Law, eds) , pp. 248-261. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Brown, K.M. and Alexander, J.E.J. (1994). Group foraging in a marine gastropod predator: benefits and costs to individuals. Marine Ecology Progress Series 112, 97-105.

Brown, M. W.Allen, J. M. and Kraus, S. D. (1995). The designation of seasonal right whale conservation areas in the waters of Atlantic Canada. In "Marine protected areas and sustainable fisheries", (N.L. Shackell and J.H. Martin-Willison, eds.) , pp. 90-98. Science and Management of Protected Areas Association, Wolfville.

Brown, R.G.B. and Nettleship, D.N. (1984). Capelin and seabirds in the north-west Atlantic. In "Marine birds: their feeding ecology and commercial fisheries relationships" (D.N. Nettleship, G.A. Sanger and P.F. Springer, eds) , pp. 184-194. Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa.

Brylinsky, M., Gibson, J. and Gordon, D.C. (1994). Impacts of flounder trawls on the intertidal habitat and community of the Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 51, 650-661.

Burger, A.F. and Cooper, J. (1984). The effects of fisheries on seabirds in South Africa and Namibia. In "Marine birds: their feeding ecology and commercial fisheries interactions" (D.N. Nettleship, G.A. Sanger and P.F. Springer, eds) , pp. 155-160. Canadian Wildlife Service, Ottawa.

Buxton, C.D. (1993). Life-history changes in exploited reef fishes on the east coast of South Africa. Environmental Biology of Fishes 36, 47-63.

Caddy, J.F. (1968). Underwater observations on scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) behaviour and drag efficiency. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 25, 2123-2141.

Caddy, J.F. (1973). Underwater observations on tracks of dredges and trawls and some effects of dredging on a scallop ground. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 30, 173-180.

Caley, M.J. (1993). Predation, recruitment and the dynamics of communities of coral-reef fishes. Marine Biology 117, 33-43.

Camphuysen, C.J., Ensor, K., Furness, R.W., Garthe, S., Huppop, O., Leaper, G., Offringa, H. and Tasker, M.L. (1993). Seabirds feeding on discards in winter in the North Sea. Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, Texel.

Camphuysen, C.J., Calvo, B., Durinck, J., Ensor, K., Follestad, A., Furness, R.W., Garthe, S., Leaper, G., Skov, H., Tasker, M.L. and Winter, C.J.N. (1995). Consumption of discards by seabirds in the North Sea. Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, Texel.

Carpenter, K.E. and Alcala, A.C. (1977). Philippine coral reef fisheries resources, Part 2, Muro-ami and kayakas reef fisheries, benefit or bane? Philippine Journal of Fisheries 15, 217-235.

Carpenter, K.E., Miclat, R.I., Albaladego, V.D. and Corpuz, V.T. (1981). The influence of substrate structure on the local abundance and diversity of Philippine reef fishes. Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium 2, 497-502.

Carpenter, R.C. (1985). Sea urchin mass-mortality: effects on reef algal abundance, species composition and metabolism and other coral reef herbivores. Proceedings of the Fifth International Coral Reef Symposium 4, 53-60.

Carpenter, R.C. (1986). Partitioning herbivory and its effects on coral reef algal communities. Ecological Monographs 56, 345-363.

Carpenter, R.C. (1988a). Mass mortality of a Caribbean sea urchin: immediate effects on community metabolism and other herbivores. Proceedings of the US National Academy of Sciences 85, 511-514.

Carpenter, R.C. (1990). Mass mortality of Diadema antillarum: effects on population density of parrotfish and surgeonfish. Marine Biology 104, 79-86.

Carpenter, S.R. (1988b). Transmission of variance through lake food webs. In "Complex interactions in lake communities" (S.R. Carpenter, ed) , pp. 119-135. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Carpenter, S.R. and Kitchell, J.F. (1984). Planktonic community structure and limnetic primary production. The American Naturalist 124, 159-172.

Carpenter, S.R., Kitchell, J.F. and Hodgson, J.R. (1985). Cascading trophic interactions and lake productivity. Bioscience 35, 634-639.

Carpenter, S.R. and Leavitt, P.R. (1991). Temporal variation in a paleolimnological record arsing from a trophic cascade. Ecology 72, 277-285.

Carr, H.A., Blott, A.J. and Caruso, P.G. (1992). A study of ghost gillnets in the inshore waters of southern New England. In "MTS '92: Global Ocean Partnership" , pp. 361-367. Marine Technology Society, Washington D.C.

Carr, M.H. and Hixon, M.A. (1995). Predation effects on early post-settlement survivorship of coral-reef fishes. Marine Ecology Progress Series 124, 31-42.

Carvahlo, G.R. and Hauser, L. (1994). Molecular genetics and the stock concept in fisheries. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 4, 326-350.

Charnov, E.L. (1982). The theory of sex allocation. Monographs in population biology 18, 1-335.

Choat, J.H. (1982). Fish feeding and the structure of benthic communities in temperate waters. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 13, 429-449.

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Christensen, V. (1996). Managing fisheries involving predator and prey species. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 6, 417-442.

Christensen, V. and Pauly, D. (1992). ECOPATH II: a software for balancing steady-state ecosystem models and calculating network characteristics. Ecological Modelling 61, 169-185.

Christensen, V. and Pauly, D. (1993). Trophic models of aquatic ecosystems. ICLARM, Manila.

Churchill, J.H. (1989). The effect of commercial trawling on sediment resuspension and transport over the Middle Atlantic Bight continental shelf. Continental Shelf Research 9, 841-864.

Clark, J.R., Causey, B. and Bohnsack, J.A. (1989). Benefits from coral reef protection: Looe Key Reef, Florida. In "Coastal Zone '89" (O.T. Magoon, H. Converse, D. Miner, L.T. Tobin and D. Clark, eds) , pp. 3076-3086. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.

Clark, M.R. (1996). Biomass estimation of orange roughy: a summary and evaluation of techniques for measuring stock size of a deep-water fish species in New Zealand. Journal of Fish Biology 49 (Supplement A), 114-131.

Clarke, K.R. (1993). Non-parametric multivariate analysis of changes in community structure. Australian Journal of Ecology 18, 117-143.

Clarke, K.R. and Ainsworth, M. (1993). A method of linking multivariate community structure to environmental variables. Marine Ecology Progress Series 92, 205-219.

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